RTC生产注意事项及停振理论分析
Update:2024-05-24

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晶振外置的RTC应用电路一般由RTC芯片、外置32k晶振、负载电容组成,最常见的电路原理图大致如下,其中U1为RTC芯片,Y1为32k晶振,C1、C2为晶振负载电容。

生产中,引起RTC停振的原因大致如下:
1、当焊接晶振采用烙铁手工焊接方式时,可能因为烙铁温度过高,碰触到晶振本体而导致晶振内部石英晶片融化。
2、晶振内部石英晶片很薄,对来自外部的剧烈机械振动异常敏感,尤其是不可超声波清洗与焊接。市面上的一般超声波设备频率与32k晶振频率接近,容易引起晶振晶片共振而损坏晶振。
3、有些厂家的生产员工在清洗晶振时,使用硬毛刷暴力拖拽晶振引脚,容易使其拉断,造成晶振接触不良与漏气,导致RTC不走时。
4、有些厂家即使没有洗板工序,同样也会有停振现象出现,问题可能出现在设计PCB时晶振引脚过于接近,在焊接时,引脚周围聚集松香或杂质过多,可能引起晶振并联电阻过小而停振。
5、有些工程师在排版晶振时,会把晶振本体接地,此时本地接地焊盘不宜过大,不然焊接时会因焊盘吸热过多,更多热量传送到晶振内部,导致晶振损坏。
6、晶振排版布线时,晶振与RTC芯片距离不宜过长,应使晶振紧挨着RTC芯片。
7、晶振与负载电容共同维持了RTC的振荡,当匹配电容过大时,同样会出现晶振停振,我司推荐的负载电容一般不超过20pF。
RTC停振理论分析
RTC内部振荡器电路如下图所示:

除了石英晶振外,mp、mn、Rf、C1、C2器件全部集成于芯片之中,考虑到OSCIN和OSCOUT引脚到地的等效电阻R1、R2,上图的等效电路结构如下图:

其s域的传输函数为:

取T(s)函数的实部为nRes(称为振荡负阻),并将C0、 L0、R0、Rf、gm1、C1、C2合适的参数代入,并假设R1=R2,以R1、R2为变量,画出R1、R2和nRes的关系图如下:

为了保证晶振可靠的振荡,一般要求振荡负阻大于5倍的晶振内串联电阻R0。兴威帆的RTC充分考虑了设计冗余,在外置谐振电容值合适的情况下,能稳定可靠地振荡工作。
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